Understanding Autism and the Role of Epigenetic: A Parent’s Guide
- Jessica Atkins, Ph.D.
- May 28
- 4 min read
Epigenetic changes, which modify gene activity without altering DNA, may help explain how both genes and environment contribute to autism, new research shows.
28 MAY 2025 | 6 MIN READ | CITE THIS ARTICLE
As a parent of a child with autism — or a child with other developmental differences — you may wonder what caused these challenges, and more importantly, what can help. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects how a child engages with the world. It includes differences in social communication, interaction, and repetitive behaviors, but every child’s profile is unique. For many years, researchers searched for a single “autism gene,” hoping to explain the cause. What they found instead was something more complex: while genes are involved, no one gene explains most cases of ASD. This has led scientists to explore another powerful layer of biology called epigenetics—which helps explain how both genetic and environmental factors work together to shape a child’s development
“Epigenetic doesn’t change your child’s DNA — it helps decide which genes are turned on or off, shaping how the brain grows and develops in response to both biology and life experience.”
What Is Epigenetic — and Why Does It Matter?
You can think of epigenetics as the body’s biological dimmer switch. It doesn’t change the DNA code itself, but it adjusts how much certain genes are turned on or off—like lowering or raising the volume on a stereo. These changes help the developing brain know which genes to activate at which time, which is crucial during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. Epigenetic changes are influenced by both inherited factors (like family genetics) and environmental experiences—including maternal health, nutrition, stress, chemical exposures, and even medications taken during pregnancy. These changes are part of why two children with the same genetic background (such as twins) might have very different developmental outcomes.
Understanding this science helps us answer two key questions:
Why do some children develop autism even without a clear genetic mutation?
What can we do early in life to support healthier development?
Figure: Adapted from current epigenetic research, this illustration shows how children with autism may have unique epigenetic signatures in different tissues. For example, brain regions like the cortex and cerebellum show changes in genes linked to synaptic growth and immune function, while birth tissues such as placenta and cord blood show early-life changes in genes related to brain development—highlighting how both genetics and environment leave lasting marks on development (Mordaunt et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2022).'
Three Epigenetic Mechanisms That Shape Brain Development
Let’s briefly explore the three main types of epigenetic changes researchers have found to be involved in autism:
DNA Methylation: Think of this as a sticky note placed on a gene telling it to “quiet down.” It’s one of the ways the body naturally regulates which genes are active. In children with autism, some brain-related genes (like MECP2 and OXTR) have been found to have different methylation patterns, which can affect how brain cells grow and connect.
Histone Modifications: DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones, like thread around a spool. The way these histones are modified determines whether certain genes are accessible or hidden. In autism, these modifications may not happen correctly, which can interfere with brain connectivity and learning.
Non-Coding RNAs: These are small molecules that help turn genes on or off, like tiny conductors guiding an orchestra. When they’re not working as they should, they can affect important processes such as forming brain circuits or regulating immune responses.
Why This Matters for You as a Parent
This research gives us insight into how we might better support children from the very beginning—even before birth. Here are a few practical takeaways:
Prenatal nutrition matters. Taking folic acid before and during early pregnancy can reduce the risk of autism by supporting healthy DNA methylation.
Reducing stress during pregnancy can have long-lasting effects. Stress hormones can influence the epigenome, and learning relaxation techniques or seeking support during pregnancy can be protective.
Environmental toxins, such as pollution or pesticides, can affect a baby’s epigenetic development. Reducing exposure, especially during pregnancy, is an important step.
Early intervention works. Therapies like speech, occupational, or behavioral therapy might help by supporting brain plasticity and gene expression, especially during the first few years of life.
Researchers are also developing epigenetic markers—biological clues that may help diagnose autism earlier and guide individualized treatment plans based on a child’s biological profile.
What You Can Do Now
Focus on early relationships. Warm, responsive caregiving helps strengthen neural connections and supports emotional regulation.
Create a healthy environment. Nutrition, sleep, physical activity, and reduced exposure to toxins all support a child’s developing brain.
Stay informed. Understanding the science can help you advocate for your child. Ask your pediatrician about developmental screenings and available supports.
Support your own well-being. Parents’ mental health plays a role in children’s development. Reach out for support when you need it.
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